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        <h3 id="元器件选型通则">元器件选型通则</h3>
<p>选型原则：</p>
<ul>
<li>复用性：尽量复用以前验证过的项目物料，减少风险，同时不用管理额外零件，还可以处理库存。</li>
<li>成熟性：要是被广泛使用验证过的成熟方案，且生命周期良好，无EOL(停产)。最好有丰富的参考设计资料。</li>
<li>适配性：在设计中电气参数/环境参数满足设计需求，降额等，性能满足，空间无干涉。</li>
<li>替代性：价格成本，交付周期，无EOL，合适的供应商。成本很重要，料也得能买到，买到还能用的久~</li>
<li>归一性：在出货量大的产品中，尽量减少物料种类。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="替代料评估">替代料评估</h3>
<ol>
<li>通过采购、元件工程师或是自己找到相关的替代厂商。</li>
<li>了解此物料涉及到的参数</li>
<li>此料导入系统后涉及到的验证范围（信号、功能？）</li>
<li>时间精力上能否让原厂进行验证，给出报告，EE负责评审。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="电阻">电阻</h3>
<h4 id="基本原理及分类">基本原理及分类</h4>
<ol>
<li>定义式：欧姆定律$R = U/I$。（$U$表示电压，$I$表示电流）。</li>
<li>$R=ρL/S$（$ρ$表示电阻的电阻率，是由其本身性质决定，$L$代表电阻的长度，$S$表示电阻的横截面积）</li>
<li>电阻串联：$R=R1+R2+R3+…+Rn$。($R1…Rn$表示$n$个电阻，电阻值是由其本身性质决定)。</li>
<li>电阻并联：$1/R = 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+…+1/Rn$。($R1…Rn$表示$n$个电阻，电阻值是由其本身性质决定)。</li>
<li>与电功率相关公式：$R=U<sup>2/P$;$R=P/I</sup>2$。（$U$表示电压，$I$表示电流，$P$表示电功率）。</li>
<li>与电能（电热）相关公式：$R=U<sup>2t/W$;$R=W/I</sup>2t$。（$U$表示电压，$I$表示电流，$t$表示时间，$W$表示电热）。</li>
</ol>
<p>特点：</p>
<div align=center><img data-src="https://hyh1370039199.oss-cn-chengdu.aliyuncs.com/img/202208082145821.png"  style="zoom: 50%;" /></div>
<h4 id="参数">参数</h4>
<p>阻值：</p>
<div align=center><img data-src="https://hyh1370039199.oss-cn-chengdu.aliyuncs.com/img/202208082137615.png"  style="zoom: 50%;" /></div>
<p>封装：</p>
<p>inch notation : 0402 、0603、0805、0201</p>
<p>功率：</p>
<div align=center><img data-src="https://hyh1370039199.oss-cn-chengdu.aliyuncs.com/img/202208082139764.png"  style="zoom:50%;" /></div>
<div align=center><img data-src="https://hyh1370039199.oss-cn-chengdu.aliyuncs.com/img/202208082143472.png"  style="zoom:33%;" /></div>
<p>精度：</p>
<div align=center><img data-src="https://hyh1370039199.oss-cn-chengdu.aliyuncs.com/img/202208082147011.png"  style="zoom:50%;" /></div>
<p>温漂：</p>
<p>$1PPM/°C$是指电阻温度每变化一摄氏度，电阻阻值变化一百万之一。</p>
<div align=center><img data-src="https://hyh1370039199.oss-cn-chengdu.aliyuncs.com/img/202208082158501.png"  style="zoom:50%;" /></div>
<h4 id="应用与选型">应用与选型</h4>
<p>应用：分压、限流、上拉、下拉电阻、匹配电阻、0欧电阻</p>
<p><strong>上拉（Pull Up）或下拉（Pull Down）电阻的作用：</strong></p>
<p>将状态不确定的信号线通过一个电阻将其箝位至高电平（上拉）或低电平（下拉）</p>
<p>高有效的使能控制信号（EN），希望电路系统在上电后应处于无效状态，则会使用下拉电阻。</p>
<p>低有效的复位控制信号（RST），希望上电复位后处于无效状态，则应使用上拉电阻。</p>
<h5 id="上下拉电阻之补充：开漏、开集、推挽">上下拉电阻之补充：开漏、开集、推挽</h5>
<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.zhihu.com/question/28512432/answer/41217074">如何正确的理解漏极开路输出跟推挽输出？ - 知乎 (zhihu.com)</a></p>
<h4 id="0欧电阻">0欧电阻</h4>
<p>零欧姆电阻又称为跨接电阻器，是一种特殊用途的电阻（JUMPER）。零欧电阻并非真的阻值为0，<strong>特指阻值&lt;50mΩ的贴片电阻</strong>，其在电路中的作用等同于阻值小于50mΩ的一截导线，代替跨接线英文全称为THICK FILM CHIP JUMPER RESISTOR.</p>
<p>0欧电阻作用：跳线 （COLAY用法）、预留，视回板后测试情况调整、增加测试点、PCB的跨接、不同GND的区分</p>
<h3 id="电容">电容</h3>
<h4 id="基本原理及公式">基本原理及公式</h4>
<div align=center><img data-src="https://hyh1370039199.oss-cn-chengdu.aliyuncs.com/img/202208182010085.png" style="zoom:50%;" /></div>
<ol>
<li>定义式：$C=Q/U$。（一个电容器，如果带1库伦的电量时，两级间的电势差为1V,那么这个电容器的电容为1F。）</li>
<li>决定式：$C=\epsilon S/d$ (对平行板电容器，$\epsilon$为极板间介质的介电常数，S为极板面积，d为极板间的距离)</li>
<li>电容串联：$1/C = 1/C1+1/C2+…+1/C_n$</li>
<li>电容并联：$C = C1+C2+C3+…+C_n$</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>基本特性：</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>储能</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>隔直通交：直流电，<strong>当直流电源的电势与电容电势相等才起到隔直的作用</strong>，在充电过程中并不起到隔直作用。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>频率特性：</p>
</li>
</ol>
<div align=center><img data-src="https://hyh1370039199.oss-cn-chengdu.aliyuncs.com/img/202208182036289.png" /></div>
<h4 id="分类及特点">分类及特点</h4>
<div align=center><img data-src="https://hyh1370039199.oss-cn-chengdu.aliyuncs.com/img/202208182042978.png"  /></div>
<h4 id="参数-2">参数</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>容量：</strong> 贴片电容规格一般常见封装尺寸为0201、0402、0603、0805、1206.容量范围一般在0.5pF~1uF。</p>
<p>1210、1812、1825、2225、3012、3035为大规格贴片电容，容量范围在1uF~100uF。</p>
<p>电容的基本单位是$F$, $1F=10^{-6}uF= 10^{-9}nF =10^{-12}pF$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>封装：</strong> 与贴片电阻封装一致。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>额定电压：</strong> 考虑降额：一般至少留出30%余量。钽电容至少留50%。（GJB/Z 35-93 元器件降额准则）</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>ESR：</strong> 影响纹波大小</p>
</li>
</ul>
<div align=center><img data-src="https://hyh1370039199.oss-cn-chengdu.aliyuncs.com/img/202208182102616.png"  /></div>
<div align=center><img data-src="https://hyh1370039199.oss-cn-chengdu.aliyuncs.com/img/202208182107125.png"  /></div>
<ul>
<li><strong>精度与温度特性：</strong></li>
</ul>
  <div align=center><img data-src="https://hyh1370039199.oss-cn-chengdu.aliyuncs.com/img/202208182059537.png"  /></div>
<h4 id="应用与选型-2">应用与选型</h4>
<ul>
<li>去耦：去耦电容用于将频率高的噪声等交流成分接地释放（旁路作用），还能起到向IC瞬间供应电流，抑制电源电压变动的作用。<strong>去耦电容应靠近管脚摆放。</strong> 不同电容的搭配可以延伸到电源完整性PI和电源分配网络PDN的概念。</li>
<li>耦合：阻断直流电流仅让信号成分（交流电流）通过。例如AC耦合电容（改善噪声容限作用）。</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>​		TYPE-C协议要求在SSTXP/N线上增加100nF交流耦合电容，AC耦合电容建议使用0201封装，更低的ESR和ESL，也可减少线路上的阻抗变化。</p>
<p>​		SATA接口的TXP/N,RXP/N差分信号上串接的10nF交流耦合电容，AC耦合电容建议使用0201封装，更低的ESR和ESL，也可减少线路上的阻抗变化。</p>
<p>​		PCIe2.0接口的TXP/N差分信号上串接的100nF交流耦合电容，AC耦合电容建议使用0201封装，更低的ESR和ESL，也可减少线路上的阻抗变化。</p>
<p>​        对于AC耦合电容的放置位置建议遵循design guideline（规范）</p>
<p>​		没有参照规范，如IC到IC，请靠近接收端放置；如IC到连接器，请靠近连接器放置</p>
<p>​		尽可能选择小的封装尺寸，减小阻抗不连续。</p>
<p>​        核心：AC耦合电容一般是高速信号阻抗不连续的点。</p>
<p>​        可以用ADS等高速信号设计仿真软件来仿真</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>平滑：使电压变化变得平滑</li>
<li>储能：蓄电，利用储存的电荷。例如一次性照相机的闪光灯电路。</li>
<li>滤波：RC无源一阶、二阶滤波；运放有源滤波</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="电感">电感</h3>
<p><strong>两个现象、一个定律</strong>：电生磁、动磁生电、楞次定律（来拒去留，增反减同）：感应电流的磁场总要阻碍引起感应电流的磁通量的变化。</p>
<p><strong>电感对电流的作用可以看成一种惯性。</strong></p>
<h4 id="基本原理及分类-2">基本原理及分类</h4>
<p>电感是线圈的别名。电感性即线圈内流过的电流产生磁场，穿过线圈的磁场产生电流的性质。</p>
<p>定义式：$\varphi = Li$   根据法拉第电磁感应定律，当通过线圈的磁通发生变化，在线圈两端就要产生感应电动势，感应电动势的大小正比于磁通的变化率，即有下面公式：<br>
$$<br>
\epsilon = -L\frac{di}{dt}<br>
$$<br>
公式中负号表示感应电动势是要阻止电流变化。并且能得出两个结论：</p>
<ol>
<li>电感上的电流不能突变。</li>
<li>对于直流电，电感两端相当于短路。</li>
</ol>
<p>电感的单位为H（亨利），符号是L。L=1H的定义是：电流以1A/s的速率变化，如果在电感上产生的感应的电动势的电压是1V，这种电感就是1H。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>在无线电和通信设备中，常见的电感单位是nH,应对MHz级别的电流变化；</p>
<p>在电源和供电设备中，常见的电感单位是uH，应对KHz级别的电流变化；</p>
<p>在音频设备中，常见的电感单位是mH，应对数百Hz~2KHz的电流变化。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>电感与电阻的串并联公式一致。</p>
<h5 id="电感的等效模型">电感的等效模型</h5>
<div align=center><img data-src="https://hyh1370039199.oss-cn-chengdu.aliyuncs.com/img/202208191822014.png" style="zoom:50%;" /></div>
<h5 id="电感VS电容">电感VS电容</h5>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center"></th>
<th style="text-align:center">电感（L）</th>
<th style="text-align:center">电容（C）</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">电压电流关系</td>
<td style="text-align:center">$V_L(t) = -L\frac{di}{dt}$</td>
<td style="text-align:center">$i(t)=C\frac{dv}{dt}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">不能突变</td>
<td style="text-align:center">电流不能突变</td>
<td style="text-align:center">电压不能突变</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">时间常数</td>
<td style="text-align:center">$\tau  = L/R$</td>
<td style="text-align:center">$\tau  = RC$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">电压电流延迟</td>
<td style="text-align:center">电流落后电压90°相位</td>
<td style="text-align:center">电压落后电流90°相位</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">阻抗</td>
<td style="text-align:center">$X_L = 2\pi fL$</td>
<td style="text-align:center">$X_L = \frac{1}{2 \pi fC}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">直流电流</td>
<td style="text-align:center">通过</td>
<td style="text-align:center">不让通过</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">交流电流</td>
<td style="text-align:center">越是高频越不易通过</td>
<td style="text-align:center">越是高频越易于通过</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h5 id="电感的分类">电感的分类</h5>
<img data-src="https://hyh1370039199.oss-cn-chengdu.aliyuncs.com/img/202208191835081.png"  style="zoom: 67%;" />
<h4 id="参数-3">参数</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>电感值及精度：</strong> 电感的标称值通常是在没有外加直流偏置的条件下，以一定频率测得的。一般DC用电感标称值精度在±20%或±30%。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>额定电流：</strong> 电感额定电流，是饱和电流和温升电流的小者。选择时留出20%裕量。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>直流电阻（DCR）：</strong> 电感的直流电阻值，由<strong>绕线圈数</strong>和<strong>线的直径</strong>决定。导线的匝数越多，线长越长，因此DCR越大。<strong>同等电感量，额定电流越大，导线会越粗，DCR越小</strong>。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>品质因数：</strong> Q是Quality Factor（品质因数）的简称。线圈会顺利流过直流电流，但会对交流电流产生电阻。这称为感抗，交流频率越高则感抗越大。绕组虽是导体，但有一定的电阻成分R。这个电阻成分与对应频率的电感之比称为损耗系数。其倒数就是Q值。<br>
$$<br>
Q = \frac{2\pi fL}R<br>
$$<br>
Q值越高，损耗越低，对于高频电感器而言，其具有十分优异的特性。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>自谐振频率（SRF）：</strong> 由于电感中的寄生电容，电感和自身的寄生电容有谐振频率，这个频率处电感阻抗最大，超过谐振频点阻抗开始下降。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<div align = "center"><img data-src="https://hyh1370039199.oss-cn-chengdu.aliyuncs.com/img/202208191857723.png" style="zoom:50%;" /></div>
<p>​		如上图，在5MHz之前的电感值的曲线较为平坦，电感值几乎可视为常数。在高频段因寄生电容与电感所产生的谐振，电感值会上升，此谐振频率称为自我谐振频率(self-resonant 			     frequency)，通常需远高于工作频率。</p>
<h4 id="应用">应用</h4>
<ul>
<li>储能：线圈积蓄能量，稳定电压。计算机或嵌入式产品设计中，对于功率较大的电源，通常会采用降压的开关电源设计方案。</li>
<li>滤波：线圈整理信号，除去干扰信号，只让需要的信号通过。<strong>滤波器就是特定频率范围呈现低阻抗，在该范围以外呈现高阻。</strong></li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>滤波分有源、无源，其设计计算需要结合传递函数。这里推荐滤波器设计网页以及书籍。</p>
<p>《新概念模拟电路》、《基于运算放大器和模拟集成电路的电路设计》</p>
<p>http:/sim.okawa-denshi.jp/en/Fkeisan.htm<br>
https:/webench.ti.com/filter-design-tool/filter-type</p>
</blockquote>
<p>注意电感有DCR，注意其直流电阻引起的压降，需要利用IR drop analysis on a PCB仿真确认电压。</p>

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<script data-pjax type="text/javascript">
  //jquery selector
  var $linkList = $(".link-list");
  if ($linkList.length != 0) {
    var j = -1;
    for	(var i = 0; i < $linkList.length; i++) {
      const listPath = $linkList[i].getAttribute('json-src');
      const iconPath = $linkList[i].getAttribute('icon-src');
      //使用 getJSON 读取 JSON 文件中的数据
      $.getJSON(listPath, function(data) {
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        //存储数据的变量 
        var li = "";
        //清空内容 
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        //将获取到的 json 格式数据遍历到 div 中
        $.each(data, function(infoIndex, info) {
          var labelWarn = '';
          var labelInfo = '';
          if (info['warn']) { 
            labelWarn = '<span class="label warn">' + info['warn'] + '</span>';
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          if (info['info']) { 
            labelInfo = '<span class="label info">' + info['info'] + '</span>';
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          li += '<div class="link-list-container">';
          li += '<img class="link-list-image" src="' + iconPath + info['logo'] + '">';
          li += '<p>' + info['title'] + labelInfo + labelWarn + '</p>';
          li += '<p>' + info['intro'] + '</p>';
          li += '<a href="' + info['url'] + '" rel="noopener" target="_blank" data-pjax-state=""></a>';
          li += '</div>';
        })
        //显示处理后的数据 
        $linkList.eq(j).html(li);
      })
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</script>



<script data-pjax type="text/javascript">
  //jquery selector
  var $cultureList = $(".culture-list");
  if ($cultureList.length != 0) {
    var j = -1;
    for	(var i = 0; i < $cultureList.length; i++) {
      const listPath = $cultureList[i].getAttribute('json-src');
      const coverPath = $cultureList[i].getAttribute('cover-src');
      //使用 getJSON 读取 JSON 文件中的数据
      $.getJSON(listPath, function(data) {
        j++;
        //存储数据的变量 
        var li = "";
        //清空内容 
        $cultureList.eq(j).empty();
        //将获取到的 json 格式数据遍历到 div 中
        $.each(data, function(infoIndex, info) {
          //影评书评链接
          var title = info['title'];
          if (info['pid']) {
            title = '<a href="/post/'+ info['pid'] +'/" >' + info['title'] +'</a>';
          }

          //作者
          if (info['author']) {
            var author = '<span class="author">' + info['author'] +'</span>';
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          //简介
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          //分数
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            //初始化
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            var greyStar = '';
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            //是否有小数
            var fract = 0; 
            if (info['score'] % 1 != 0) {
              fract = 1;
            }
            //整数星级
            for	(var m = 0; m < int; m++) {
              colorStar += '★';
            }
            //半星级
            if (fract != 0) {
              colorStar += '☆';
            }
            //用空缺星补齐五星
            for	(var m = 0; m < (5 - fract - int); m++) {
              greyStar += '☆';
            }
            if (info['score'] != 5) {
              star = '<span class="star-score">'+ colorStar +'<span class="grey-star">'+ greyStar +'</span></span>';
            } else {
              star = '<span class="star-score">'+ colorStar +'</span>';
            }
          }

          li += '<div class="media">';
          li += '<div class="media-cover" style="background-image:url(' + coverPath + info['cover'] + ')"></div>';
          li += '<div class="media-meta">';
          li += '<div class="media-meta-item title">' + title + '</div>';
          li += '<div class="media-meta-item">' + author + star +'</div>';
          li += '<div class="media-meta-item intro">' + intro + '</div>';
          li += '</div></div>';
        })
        
        //显示处理后的数据 
        $cultureList.eq(j).html(li);
      })
    }
  }
</script>




<script src="/resources/minigrid.min.js"></script>
<script data-pjax type="text/javascript">
  var $album = $(".album")[0];
  if($album) {
    // 相册列表 JSON 数据
    var imgDataPath = $album.getAttribute('json-src');
    // 照片存储路径
    var imgPath = $album.getAttribute('photo-src');
    // 最多显示数量
    var imgMaxNum = 50;
    // 获取窗口大小以决定图片宽度
    var windowWidth = window.innerWidth
    || document.documentElement.clientWidth
    || document.body.clientWidth;
    if (windowWidth < 768) {
        var imageWidth = 145; // 移动端图片宽度
    } else {
        var imageWidth = 235;
    }

    // 腾讯云自定义样式 (数据万象外网流量需要付费)
    //var imgStyle = '!' + imageWidth + 'x';
    //var imgStyle = '!300x';

    // 生成相册
    var LinkDataPath = imgDataPath;
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        page: 1,
        offset: imgMaxNum,
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                that.render(that.page, data);
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        render: function (page, data) {
            var begin = (page - 1) * this.offset;
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                imgName = imgNameWithPattern.split('.')[0]
                imageSize = data[i].split(' ')[0];
                imageX = imageSize.split('.')[0];
                imageY = imageSize.split('.')[1];
                li += '<div class="card" style="width:' + imageWidth + 'px" >'
                li += '<div class="album-photo" style="height:'+ imageWidth * imageY / imageX + 'px">'
                li += '<a class="fancybox fancybox.image" href="' + imgPath + imgNameWithPattern + '" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="url" data-fancybox="group" rel="group" data-caption="' + imgName + '" title="' +  imgName + '">'
                li += '<img data-src="' + imgPath + imgNameWithPattern + '" src="' + imgPath + imgNameWithPattern + '" alt="' +  imgName + '" data-loaded="true">'
                li += '</a>'
                li += '</div>'
                li += '</div>'
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            $(".album").append(li);
            this.minigrid();
        },

        minigrid: function() {
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              container: '.album',
              item: '.card',
              gutter: 12
          });
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          $(window).resize(function() {
              grid.mount();
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        }
    }
    photo.init();
  }
</script>
</body>
</html>
